Factory Automation and Manufacturing Machines.Industrial Electronics, Process Control Instruments, Indicators, Controllers and Data Loggers. SCADA, HMI and PLC. M2M and Device Networking, Electrical Controls, Tools, Sensors, Actuators, Motors, Motion Control. Industrial Equipment. Temperature, Humidity, Pressure, Flow and Level. This blog will cover Industrial Automation and Process Control concepts and firms. You will also find related mechanical and electromechanical components and systems used in automation. In Automation we have Industrial and Machine Automation. A closely related subject is Home and Building Automation that includes HVAC. Then we have Energy Automation which is used to deliver and maintain power to Homes, Offices and Factories. Many Instruments and Control Panels in these Three Sections are closely related. In this blog Instruments and Equipment in all these three subjects could be covered. **Closed Loop Control Systems** A Closed Loop Control System is the most important aspect of Maintenance, Regulation and Stability in any Live Process. Nature itself is self regulated in an intricate fashion, a keen observer can notice the subtle controls. In Human Created Industrial systems we have Process control as a complex science. We can start by understanding a Simple One.\ \ [Process Control Application Notes](https://www.delabs-circuits.com/cirdir/theory/theory1.html)\ \ When you fill a Bucket with water, You keep an eye on the Level of water, as you open the Analog Tap, which is an equivalent of a Motor operated Valve. Your Eye is an advanced Optical Sensor, which is able to sense the level by the computation in the brain, which in turn operates the muscles of your hand, thru the nervous system. The hand along with the Water Tap is is the Actuator. As the water fills up close to the top, you start reduction of the water flow and keep observing, then as it tops up, you tweak the tap to a trickle. When it reaches the limit you shut off the tap. While you are half way filling the bucket, what happens if you take a short nap, or a friend comes by and you are get absorbed in conversation, the water overflows and goes waste. Then someone raises an alarm after the Runaway process happens. This is of minor consequence, but it is not so in the case of Temperature, Pressure and also many common systems like the driving of an Automobile. Remember the gears, brakes, accelerator to control and steer the car to the correct destination, a Runaway Process causes an accident. - [Temperature Control in Plastic Molding](https://www.electronics-circuits.com/cirdir/theory/control/doc00040.html) - [Temperature Controller Applications](https://www.electronics-circuits.com/cirdir/theory/control/doc00041.html) - [Connection Diagrams of AC DC SSR](https://www.electronics-circuits.com/cirdir/theory/control/doc00042.html) - [Fire Retardant SSR Enclosures](https://www.electronics-circuits.com/cirdir/theory/control/doc00043.html) - [Pressure and Flow Control Applications](https://www.electronics-circuits.com/cirdir/theory/control/doc00044.html) **Process Control Circuits in Automation** These are the circuits and boards of a Mini Temperature Transmitter for a Platinum hundred ohms temperature Sensor.\ \ [Industrial Process Control Circuits](https://www.electronics-circuits.com/cirdir/analog/analog1.html) \ \ Analog Design in Process Control is seen at the Sensor Signal Conditioning Stage. Controllers also use Opamps for Analog Computation Tasks. These are Real Time in the Truest Sense. A closed loop controller is the heart of an Industrial Automation System. Right from an On-Off Hysteresis Controller to a Auto Tune PID Controller, we find solutions of different complexities. Each solution might suit a particular system; depending on the requirements of Ease-of-use, Cost and Process Type.\ \ Circuits in process control - [RTD PT100 Mains Powered Transmitter](https://www.electronics-circuits.com/cirdir/analog/control/del30006.html) - [Blind Dial Analog Temperature Controller](https://www.electronics-circuits.com/cirdir/analog/control/del30013.html) - [Mini RTD Pt-100 Three Wire Transmitter](https://www.electronics-circuits.com/cirdir/analog/control/del30005.html) Even today, the controllers at every stage of evolution, from the thermostat to Auto-Tune, are used in many countries, for many different industrial applications. No solution above is obsolete! The developing Countries still use electro-mechanical or semi-automatic means for control in some areas. and Process Type.